![]() ![]() The Carolingian Dynasty (768-877) is largely defined today by the rule of Charlemagne, or "Charles the Great," who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 by Pope Leo III in recognition of his work in establishing Christianity in the territories he conquered across modern-day France, western Germany, northern Italy, Belgium, and Holland. Some of the earliest medieval churches built outside of Rome are found in Spain and were constructed by Visigoths who had converted to Arian Christianity in the fifth century, settled in Spain, and by the sixth century had established themselves as the elite class, ruling over the native peoples of the Iberian Peninsula. ![]() Medieval architecture consists of churches, monasteries, palace complexes, castles, and government buildings. Since these cultures were ultimately unified under Christian authority in Rome, it was the Christian church that emerged during the Middle Ages as the most important patron of architecture. The expression "middle ages," or "medieval," refers to an early historical prejudice against this extensive historical time frame when the classical world was initially replaced by such regional groups as the Visigoths, the Ostrogoths, the Franks, the Saxons, and the Celts, who carved out local power and asserted their own beliefs, customs, and architectural practices. The Medieval period encompasses about 1,000 years of European history from the 5th to the 15th centuries and is traditionally broken down into the Early Middle Ages (400s-900s), which includes the Carolingian Empire (700s-800s) and the Ottonian Empire (800s-900s), and the Later Middle Ages, which includes the Romanesque (1000s-1100s) and the Gothic (1200s-1400s). Thus medieval architecture is often assumed, however wrongly, to turn away from classical influences and classical aesthetics. The Middle Ages is broadly defined as the period between the fall of Rome, with its centralized imperial rule, and the revival of classicism in the Renaissance. ![]()
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